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Work & Retirement
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The Complex Impact of “On” and “Off the Books” Work

2025
Finkelstein, R. K., Hardie, J. H., and Johnson, C. (2025). The complex impact of “on” and “off the books” work. Generations Journal 49(3). https://generations.asaging.org/the-complex-impact-of-on-and-off-the-books-work/

Ruth Finkelstein and Cicely Johnson

Many direct care providers work off the books or move back and forth between formal and informal employment. Such arrangements add to these workers’ precarity, as they earn less and are not covered by workplace protections. Informal labor market work is expected to impact direct care workers’ retirement savings and future earnings.

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